STRATEGY AND TACTICS IN PUBLIC SPACE

STRATEGY AND TACTICS IN PUBLIC SPACE is a new publication from a+t architecture publishers. This post is available in English (please scroll down to read).

STRATEGY AND TACTICS IN PUBLIC SPACE é o mais recente título da a+t magazine, dando continuidade à série dedicada a estratégias de intervenção urbana de que fazem parte os volumes anteriores STRATEGY SPACE e STRATEGY PUBLIC – apresentado aqui.

As intervenções no espaço urbano tendem a enquadrar-se no contexto do Planeamento – um processo controlado onde a visão e a execução se encontram.
Estratégia e Táctica, no entanto, são termos que se referem a noções diversas de acção, poucas vezes enunciados no contexto do ambiente construído. Referem-se à relação integrada entre o espaço materializado – o produto da concepção técnica e do saber profissional – e a sua ocupação ao longo do tempo – as múltiplas formas como os cidadãos se apropriam e usam a cidade.

O Espaço Público é assim um território frágil de interacção e consequência. Na condição económica em que vivemos é mais do que o lugar para a representação – de uma ideia de sociedade ou ordem. É um processo complexo, já não dominado pela esfera política, em que a Administração Pública se vê confrontada com custos crescentes no acesso ao crédito e comprometida com agendas para o controlo de dívida.
A primeira vítima deste novo paradigma é uma cultura de projecto que sobrepopulou as ruas e praças de “objectos” – mobiliário urbano, detalhe excessivo e soluções de desenho generalizadamente dispendiosas. Uma nova cultura de austeridade está a emergir por uma razão simples: não existe dinheiro para sustentar os excessos que cometemos e celebrámos no passado.

As intervenções apresentadas em STRATEGY AND TACTICS contêm abordagens diferentes em contextos diversificados, mas que partilham esta mesma condição contemporânea. Tratam-se de singularidades, manifestações de inovação e espontaneidade criativa, geralmente pequenas em escala mas ambiciosas na sua natureza – são micro-utópicas. Projectos altruístas que não têm medo de quebrar as regras, desafiar o pré-concebido e ir além das expectativas.



Interboro Partners, Lent Space, New York, United States, 2009. Image credits: Dean Kaufman.



Fugman Janota, Nordbanhof Park, Berlin, Germany, 2009. Image credits: Philip JSF Winkelmeier.




Rural Studio, Lions Park, Greensboro, United States, 2010.

STRATEGY AND TACTICS IN PUBLIC SPACE is the third title in a+t’s Strategy series, following the publication of STRATEGY SPACE and STRATEGY PUBLIC – previously reviewed here.

Urban space interventions are usually integrated under a notion of Planning – a controlled process where vision and power both come into place. Strategy and Tactics, however, are terms that address different notions of urban action. They refer to the intertwined relationship between materialized space – the product of professional intent – and its occupation through time – the multiple ways in which citizens ultimately maneuver and use the city.

Public space is a fragile place of engagement and consequence. In the new economic framework we live in, it is more than a place for mere representation – of socialization and order. It is a complex process, no longer dominated by the political sphere, currently under an increasing financial pressure – the Public Administration, overwhelmed with growing credit costs and an agenda towards deficit-control.
The first casualty of this new paradigm is a design culture that has overpopulated streets and squares with objects – urban furniture, excessive detail and overall expensive design solutions. A new culture of austerity is emerging for a simple reason: there is no money to pay the kind of excesses we have committed and even celebrated in the past.

The interventions featured on STRATEGY AND TACTICS contain different approaches and take place in a wide array of built and social realities. They are singularities, manifestations of creative innovation and spontaneity, usually small in scale but ambitious in nature – micro-utopian. They are altruistic and rule-breaking – not afraid of going beyond the expected and challenge the preconceived.

Siza sings The Beatles

Álvaro Siza a cantar When I’m 64 dos The Beatles enquanto trabalha num novo projecto. Via Últimas Reportagens.
 
Álvaro Siza sings When I’m 64 by The Beatles while working on a new project. Via Últimas Reportagens.

DENSITY IS HOME

DENSITY IS HOME is a new book from a+t architecture publishers. This post is available in English.

DENSITY IS HOME, o mais recente título de arquitectura da a+t, analisa em detalhe um conjunto de 37 edifícios de habitação colectiva. O livro investiga a dimensão urbana dessas propostas, estudando as formas diferentes como a vida dos utilizadores é afectada pelas orientações programáticas e a filosofia de desenho seguida em projecto.
O contexto de cada conjunto habitacional é variado, desde cidades com centros compactos, centralidades únicas ou múltiplas, paisagens urbanas dispersas, estruturas recicladas. Uma atenção especial é ainda dedicada à noção de re-densificação, a regeneração do ambiente construído. Previsivelmente os projectos apresentados variam, tanto em tamanho como em tipologia de intervenção.



Brendeland & Kristoffersen, Svalbard Housing, Longyearbyen, Norway, 2007. Image credits: David Grandorge.

O livro é precedido por um ensaio escrito por Aurora Fernández Per, editora e directora do a+t Research Group. Com o título Densidade e Desejo, é um texto que advoga a necessidade de contemplar noções de urbanidade e humanidade na arquitectura. Fala da importância de acarinhar um sentido de perspectiva individual e proteger a subjectividade do utilizador: Residentes genéricos, escreve, não existem, eles são tão únicos como tu.
De certa forma todos os projectos apresentados partilham a aspiração de ir além de soluções pré-definidas, para lá dos regulamentos e dos constrangimentos – financeiros e outros – enfrentando os problemas de desenho com abertura, inovação e dando ao inesperado uma hipótese de acontecer.



Chiba Manabu, Stitch Cooperative Housing, Tokyo, Japan, 2009. Image credits: Masao Nishikawa.

O prefácio de Aurora Fernández Per é acompanhado por um estudo visual de 14 tipos de residência, todas elas parte integrante de edifícios de habitação colectiva. Estes casos de estudo são apresentados sobre a forma de plantas esquemáticas perspectivadas, conjugadas com anotações que destacam as suas qualidades mais importantes e aspectos específicos de design.
Os leitores com interesse no tema da arquitectura contemporânea de habitação, profissionais e estudantes, encontrarão em DENSITY IS HOME uma boa fonte de informação – complementando a análise quantitativa de parâmetros de custo e qualidade que podemos encontrar em títulos anteriores desta colecção – com uma nova abordagem aos problemas do contexto urbano e da experiência humana do ambiente construído.

Visitem o sítio web da a+t para mais informação sobre este livro e outras publicações .







VA Studio, MD Housing, Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal, 2010. Image credits: Alberto Plácido.

DENSITY IS HOME, the latest title in a+t’s architectural catalogue, analyses a total of 37 contemporary housing projects. The book investigates the urban dimension of architectural design, studying the different ways in which life is affected by the programmatic orientations and philosophy behind each project.
The context of these housing proposals is varied, including cities with compact centers, with single or multiple cores, dispersed urban landscapes, recycled structures and more. A big emphasis is also set on the notion of re-densification, the regeneration of the built environment. As expected, the featured projects range both in size and typology.



Rueda Pizarro, 64 Social Housing Units, Madrid, Spain, 2010. Image credits: Ricardo Espinosa.

The book is preceded with an essay written by Aurora Fernández Per, editor and director of the a+t Research Group, titled Density And Desire. It talks about the need to address the notions of urbanity and humanity in architecture. To embrace a sense of individual perspective and preserve the subjectivity of the user: Generic residents, she writes, do not exist, they are as unique as you are.
In a way, all the projects featured in this book share the aspiration to go beyond pre-defined solutions, beyond the regulations and financial constraints, addressing design problems with openness, innovation and ultimately giving the unexpected a chance.



Aires Mateus, Housing for the Elderly, Alcácer do Sal, Portugal, 2010. Image credits: Fernando Guerra FG+SG.

This preface is followed with an interesting visual study of 14 contemporary home types, all of which are inserted in collective dwellings. These case studies are presented in the form of schematic plans, followed by annotations that highlight its most important qualities and specific design features.
Those with an interest in contemporary housing design, both architects and students, will likely find DENSITY IS HOME a powerful source of information, as it complements the quantitative analysis of density and costs we can find in previous titles in this collection with a new approach to the matters of urban context and the human experience of architecture.



C. Colomès + F. Nomdedeu, Student Housing, Troyes, France, 2009. Image credits: Guilhem-Ducléon.

Visit a+t architecture publishers for additional information on this book and other publications.

Who is visiting the Moon these days?

E enquanto andávamos distraídos com a vida lá fora eis que chegaram dois novos filmes da série The Sagan Series, SETI Decide To Listen e End Of An Era: The Final Shuttle Launch.
Já aqui publicados anteriormente: Earth: The Pale Blue Dot, Life Looks For Life, A Reassuring Fable e NASA Per Aspera Ad Astra.



While I was being distracted with life in the outside world, The Sagan Series launched two new videos: SETI Decide To Listen and End Of An Era: The Final Shuttle Launch.
If you’ve missed the previous episodes, here are the links: Earth: The Pale Blue Dot, Life Looks For Life, A Reassuring Fable and NASA Per Aspera Ad Astra.

ARX.pt

Image credits: Fernando Guerra (FG+SG), House in Possanco (Comporta), Alcácer do Sal, Portugal, 2011.

A ARX está a celebrar 20 anos de actividade. O atelier de Nuno Mateus e José Mateus resolveu assinalar a ocasião com o relançamento da sua página web (www.arx.pt), agora com novo design e muitos conteúdos dedicados os seus trabalhos mais recentes.

ARX Portugal is an architecture firm based in Lisbon directed by Nuno Mateus and José Mateus. Originally founded in Berlin in 1991, it is celebrating 20 years of architectural activity with a relaunch of its website (www.arx.pt), now featuring a brand new design and extensive information about their most recent works.

a+t Strategy Public: Landscape Urbanism Strategies

Strategy Public: Landscape Urbanism Strategies is a new book from a+t architecture publishers. This post is available in English.

STRATEGY PUBLIC dá início a uma nova série no catálogo de livros de arquitectura da a+t. Apesar de deter algumas semelhanças com o estilo visual da anterior publicação desta editora, o manual de análise urbana intitulado THE PUBLIC CHANCE, este último livro aborda o tema das estratégias de projecto – a relação estreita entre as manifestações de arquitectura e o conjunto de objectivos que estão na base da sua conceptualização.


Kragh & Berglund, Plug’N’Play, Ørestad South, Copenhagen, Denmark, 2008.

É uma abordagem pouco usual considerando os padrões editoriais, mais convencionais, de investigação e análise de arquitectura. O projecto final é usualmente entendido como o ponto de partida para a busca de significado teórico. Aqui somos confrontados com um modelo de investigação diverso: o escrutínio das estratégias que antecedem o processo de desenho, procurando clarificar as carências, os propósitos e as metodologias seguidas, com vista a traduzir conceitos abstractos em soluções práticas.
STRATEGY PUBLIC apresenta assim um vislumbre sobre aspectos pouco reflectidos na discussão crítica da arquitectura, tendo em conta os diversos planos de intervenção que com ela interferem: económico, social, ambiental. O primeiro passo nesta investigação é formulado sobre os objectivos e as considerações programáticas. São igualmente analisados os factores exteriores tais como as especificidades do sítio, preocupações de sustentabilidade, as particularidades dos utilizadores, as restrições orçamentais e, finalmente, o modo como todos eles se tornam determinantes no desenvolvimento da solução.


Mutopia, City Park, Ørestad, Copenhagen, Denmark, 2005-2008.

Mais de 20 obras de arquitectura paisagista e design urbano estão representadas neste livro, sendo cada uma delas analisada em função das suas estratégias particulares e do resultado final. Trata-se do livro mais detalhado da a+t, contendo desenhos técnicos meticulosos e diagramas informativos que pormenorizam cada aspecto da sua construção.
Em alguns projectos encontramos a necessidade de reinterpretar o território existente, adaptar superfícies, introduzir novos materiais ou explorar soluções de iluminação inventivas. Outros abordam a necessidade de conectar ou activar espaços intersticiais, introduzir novas funções e temas ou lidar com questões sensíveis como a gestão de percursos de drenagem pluvial ou de áreas de plantação. Estes podem variar desde operações ambiciosas, de larga escala, a projectos que lidam com questões mais prosaicas como cortes financeiros ou a necessidade de reutilizar materiais e estruturas existentes.
A cuidadosa selecção e diversidade de exemplos é, afinal, aquilo que torna STRATEGY PUBLIC numa ferramenta de aprendizagem tão surpreendente, sendo também um valioso manual de recursos de design e metodologias de projectar, um livro que todos aqueles que trabalham sobre espaço público devem ter em consideração.



Kristine Jensens, Nicolai Cultural Centre Courtyard, Kolding, Denmark, 2007.



Kragh & Berglund, Plug’N’Play, Ørestad South, Copenhagen, Denmark, 2008.



Michel Desvigne, Seguin Island Gardens, Paris, France, 2010.



Mutopia, City Park, Ørestad, Copenhagen, Denmark, 2005-2008.



Arteks, Perruquet Beach Park, Vila-Seca, Spain, 2009.

¶ English / Click to expand. [+/-]

STRATEGY PUBLIC opens a new series in a+t’s architectural catalogue. Although it follows a visual and diagrammatic style similar to their previous publication, the noteworthy urban landscape analysis guide titled THE PUBLIC CHANCE, this latest book is more focused on the subject of project design strategies – the fine balance between architectural manifestations and the primary set of objectives that guide their creation.

It’s an unusual approach considering other forms of conventional theoretical research. The finished project is often the critical starting point in the search for meaning. Here we are confronted with an alternate investigation method: an attempt to scrutinize the strategies that precede the design process. To understand the methodologies through which concepts are put into practice. STRATEGY PUBLIC offers an outlook into different planes of intervention: economic, social, environmental, formal. It starts by inquiring project objectives, from the seminal programmatic considerations to the concepts through which these are translated into form. Additionally, external factors are taken into consideration – such as the specificities of the site, the ecological concerns, the target users, the financial constraints of the operation – and the ways these become determinant to the development of the project.

More than 20 built works of urban design and landscape architecture are represented and each one of them is analysed regarding these particular strategies and their subsequent conceptual outcome. This is definitely a+t’s most detailed book to date, containing meticulous technical drawings and informative diagrams that dissect every single project. Some address the need to reinterpret existing landscapes, to adapt surfaces, introduce new materials and explore inventive lighting solutions. Others are focused on the need to connect and activate interstitial spaces, to introduce new functions and themes or deal with sensitive issues such as rainwater and plantation management. These may range from ambitious, large scale operations, to projects that deal with more prosaic considerations such as spending cuts or the need to reuse pre-existing materials and structures. The careful selection and diversity of examples is ultimately what makes STRATEGY PUBLIC such an outstanding learning tool and a unique design resource manual, a book that every urban designer and landscape architect should definitely take into consideration.

De memória e ruínas

Image credits: Ruin’Arte. Scroll down to read this text in English.

Muitas coisas na bagagem virtual após várias semanas fora da rede. Fica, por agora, o destaque a uma página web descoberta um pouco ao acaso: o fotoblogue Ruin’Arte. Somando já diversas referências na imprensa nacional, este projecto do fotógrafo de publicidade e arquitectura Gastão de Brito e Silva tem vindo a tornar-se num inesperado catálogo de um património arquitectónico imenso entregue ao esquecimento e ao abandono.
O olhar romântico que atravessa as imagens do Ruin’Arte não deixa de revelar o sentido dramático de uma exposição sobre a nossa relação com o passado construído, cujos contornos contêm também uma dimensão social e política. Ali podemos encontrar edificações notáveis de cariz religioso, construções fabris, velhos solares palacianos, habitações rurais, inúmeros exemplos de desamor para com a nossa própria identidade.
Na sua entrada mais recente dá-se a conhecer a história da Casa do Passal, a residência de Aristides de Sousa Mendes em Cabanas do Viriato. A ruína daquela casa é um retrato da injustiça cometida sobre o próprio homem, um dos maiores heróis da nossa história.



O meu desejo é mais estar com Deus contra o homem, do que com o homem contra Deus - escreveu Aristides de Sousa Mendes ao justificar o seu incumprimento de instruções provenientes do governo de Portugal. A coragem com que deliberou emitir dezenas de milhares de vistos a refugiados de guerra, entre os quais se estima uma dezena de milhar de judeus, condenou-o à exoneração do cargo de cônsul em Bordéus. Ordenado a regressar a Portugal em 1940, Sousa Mendes regressa na sua própria viatura liderando uma coluna de veículos de refugiados que, dotados dos seus vistos e defendidos de forma dramática na fronteira, puderam finalmente ingressar em território nacional.
Muitos dos refugiados de Aristides terão passado pela Casa de Passal, registada agora no seu estado actual pelo autor do Ruin’Arte. Fica, com as imagens, o apelo que ali se deixa, para que a casa e a memória da vida de Aristides de Sousa Mendes possa encontrar a homenagem que tanto lhe continua a ser devida.




Image credits: Ruin’Arte.

Ruin’Arte is a Portuguese photoblog that is dedicated to the documentation of abandoned buildings. Noteworthy religious constructions, industrial structures, ancient palaces, noble countryside residences; many examples of an unfortunate disregard towards our heritage and history.
In its latest entry we are introduced to the story of the Casa do Passal, once the residence of Aristides de Sousa Mendes in the location of Cabanas do Viriato. The ruin of the house seems to resonate with the unfairness committed against him, one of the greatest heroes of our history.

I would rather stand with God against man, than with man against God - wrote Aristides de Sousa Mendes as he justified his disobedience to direct instructions from the Portuguese government at the outbreak of World War II. During his service in the consulate of Bordeaux, France, Aristides courageously issued thousands of visas to war refugees, among which are estimated over ten thousand Jews. For his actions, Aristides was discharged from his position and ordered to return to Portugal in 1940. He travels in his own automobile leading a column of vehicles of refugees, escaping from the Nazi occupied France and a certain deportation to concentration camps.
Many of the refugees of Aristides supposedly passed through the Casa do Passal. The house has been recently recorded in its current condition by the author of Ruin’Arte, leaving an appeal to its restoration in honor of the life and memory of Aristides de Sousa Mendes. Jump to Ruin’Arte for more pictures – it’s in Portuguese only but you can access it through Google Translate if you prefer.

Architecture in the age of incrementalism

Political science states the difference between rationalism and incrementalism. A rationalist approach aspires to create an ideal system, identifying the factors, elements or activities that are essential to its foundation and providing the necessary resources to put them into practice. The latter approach, of incremental nature, is based on a contrasting set of principles. It is founded in the belief that a perfect system is impossible to establish. To create a system from what already exists consequently becomes the challenge, starting from the available knowledge and means and, from these, gradually introduce the necessary changes in order to achieve the best possible outcome. In conclusion, one could say that these approaches reflect the difficulty in reconciling the ideal with the real.
Both approaches have benefits and disadvantages. A rationalist model can eliminate barriers and promote radical transformations, achieving greater impact and visibility. It is more likely, however, to disregard existing assets and know-how by virtue of impositive measures. On the other hand, an incremental philosophy may benefit communication and participation, suggesting a bottom-up model of governance, but it is also more permeable to popular views that are not always conducive to effective solutions. The incremental approach is more vulnerable to demagoguery.

Our academic culture promotes theoretical, rational methodologies, in detriment of a more grounded, preconditioned, form of thinking. It is easier to envision a theoretical model based on analysis and synthesis of a controlled set of variables than to elaborate from the complex reality that comprehends innumerous factors and a broad range of uncertainty. One of the problems we face, then, is a tendency to generate simplified models of thinking.
As architects, Modernism is still a big part of our intellectual heritage. In no other time in history was the notion of rationalism engaged so deeply. As a movement, Modernism was an attempt to face urgent problems within new urban realities. It was a world pressured by industrialization, primary issues of urban health, housing needs, the introduction of the automobile. The depression and the war dictated systematization and economic restraint, which reflected deeply in the principles and work of architects such as Gropius, Breuer, Mies, Aalto, men that would personify the theoretical core of the international style. But Modernism as an ideology was firmly grounded on a world dominated by the ideals of a powerful, leading State, in the realms of politics and economics.

We are very distant from the world these men lived and believed in. The political centers of government are no longer the most influent forces of society. In the face of an unparalleled post-global economic austerity, the institutions of central government are likely to lose further influence and authority. This is not unrelated to the way architecture is evolving, not only in its aesthetic dimension but as a force of social transformation.
As the architectural landscape of our times is being shaped by the media-driven corporate world, few real movements have been able of pushing forward a new paradigm of architectural production. Although new web-based communication structures and an open-source mentality have been feeding remarkable possibilities (the most noticeable of which is the example of Architecture for Humanity) such manifestations remain overlooked as a source of investigation by both academies and published opinion. These incremental architectural manifestations are disregarded as marginalized forms of practice, perceived by the critics as lacking influence within the sphere of architectural discourse. Undoubtedly, the Cameron Sinclair crew isn’t trying to appease the critics taste for aesthetic radicalism and intellectual edge. What they are doing is promoting ground-breaking global conversations that acknowledge the importance of small, cheap and impactful design processes. And they are actually trying to build stuff on communities that lack means and resources most of us would take for granted. So maybe it’s time for us to start questioning what being influent is all about. Do we aim to establish our names as brands and feature in magazine covers, or have a deeper impact in peoples lives instead. It’s a matter of choosing which role we, architects, choose to play in the future of our discipline and in the society we live in.

The design bias

I don't think sustainability is a design aesthetic, any more than having electricity in your building, or telephones, or anything else. It's an ethic, a basic consideration that we have to have as architects designing buildings. (…) in 10 years we're not going to talk about sustainability anymore, because it's going to be built into the core processes of architecture.

This quote from Robert Stern circled through the web recently. The notion that sustainability will cease to be an issue within a decade is quite debatable but Stern raises an interesting argument. He is correct to claim that sustainability is not a design aesthetic. In fact, it is not even a design problem as much as it is an industrial one.
Some of the greatest energy impacts that can be quantified within the process of building are the outcome of the techniques applied during its construction. Also, just as important as the efficiency of the materials applied, is the energy footprint of their fabrication. And this poses a problem for us, architects, because it is still very hard to get precise data regarding these issues. But what is worse is that, for the most part, we are not really paying attention to any of this. We are instead focusing on sustainability as a design problem.
The reasons behind this lie in the foundations of our education. The central part of architectural learning relies in the notion of architecture as a process of design. We are formatted to solve problems through design. That is what makes us most distinctive from engineers. But, when regarding sustainability, this might pose a problem of thinking. We must begin to address this issue through quantifiable numbers. It is not something we can solve through formal creativity alone.
When facing these problems at an urban scale, the implications seem even more daunting. REX’s recent proposal for the LOW2NO urban development competition in Helsinki presents an interesting effort to deal with these issues in their full complexity. It is an extraordinarily ambitious project with great theoretical repercussions. It attempts to deal with the phenomena of city dispersion considering its implications to a wider notion of ecological balance. Joshua Prince-Ramus reminds us that building energy efficiency is a relatively small factor when compared to the carbon intensive lifestyles that accompany mass suburban migration. A problem that needs to be addressed beyond design, looking into the very decision making processes that guide the management of resources and the distribution of buildings and infrastructures in the territory.

Art on the wall

Fragments of otherwise dormant urban fabric are brought to life by these eccentric figures. Sam3 (Spain), Os Gémeos (Brasil) and Blu (Italy) passed through Lisbon and left some inspired paintings on the walls of a couple of abandoned buildings. There are many of images to see on the web, just check the following links to get the idea: Stick2Target, Unurth, L (Flickr). Via Horizonte Artificial, People and Place.

Next: Collective Housing in progress

NEXT: Collective Housing in Progress is the latest book from a+t architecture publishers.

As the long established correlation between urban growth and economic development is becoming increasingly questioned, in the aftermath of a global economic crisis, architecture is looking into the processes that determine the ever changing built environment with renewed interest. Every act of architecture carries the possibility of transformation of its external reality. In this unfolding debate, collective housing once again claims its central role in the balance between the autonomous building and the world that surrounds it.
NEXT: Collective Housing in Progress, questions the programmatic complexity of contemporary architecture in its utmost urban implications. Although remarkably different in their approach, the projects now featured in this book carry the strong attempt to preserve the social qualities of architecture in a mutating economic environment. Variables like density, energy efficiency, transportation costs, new structures of technology and communications, all come into play in a conscious effort to redefine public life within the city. These are projects that seek to refill and regenerate the urban landscape, proposing programmatic indetermination, integration of social and cultural spaces, flexibility of uses and, ultimately, a call to intensity beyond density.
NEXT is the latest book from a+t’s Density series, featuring 30 European and American projects designed by 29 different young architectural practices, fully illustrated, detailed and analyzed through technical drawings and schematic diagrams. Visit a+t for additional information on this and other publications.


Atelier Data + MOOV: Forwarding Dallas, Dallas, United States, 2009-2012.


REX: Low2No, Helsinki, Finland, 2009.



Modostudio: Kilpailuohjelma, Lohja, Finland, 2008.



AllesWirdGut: Herzberg Public Housing, Vienna, Austria, 2007-2010.



Atelier Zündel & Cristea: Rue de Charenton Residences, Paris, France, 2007-2010.